Slimy bacterial coatings known as biofilms (Bacillus subtilis colony superimposed at center) exhibit an unmatched ability to repel a wide range of liquids and even vapors. An electron microscope image shows the biofilm surface’s resilient meshwork made from proteins and polysaccharides and assembled into a multiscale, hierarchical structure.

Slimy secrets

Image courtesy of SEAS

Source: http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/01/slimy-secrets/

In one of the largest studies of its kind Danish sleep researchers from the University of Copenhagen and the Danish Institute for Health Services Research have examined the socio-economic consequences of the sleep disorders snoring, sleep apnoea, and obesity-related respiratory difficulties (obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS)). These disorders are a serious health and social-economic burden on the individual and on society as a whole.

“Snoring, sleep apnoea, and obesity-related respiratory difficulties are fairly common disorders that affect a large proportion of the population,” according to Poul Jennum, Professor of Clinical Neurophysiology at the Center for Healthy Ageing at the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health Sciences. He is head of the Danish Centre for Sleep Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, which treats patients from all over the country.

“Previous studies show that these disorders seriously affect quality of life, and our new studies show that people who snore violently, and particularly those who suffer from sleep apnoea, narcolepsy and obesity-related respiratory difficulties, are more frequently in contact with the health service than others; they take more medicine, they are unemployed more often and have lower average incomes than healthy people- The more serious their disorders, the greater the socio-economic costs.”

Patients with sleep apnoea or obesity-related respiratory difficulties incur medicine and hospital costs two to three times higher than healthy control subjects. The total health costs were twice as high, and unemployment was 30 per cent higher. Patients who suffered from obesity-related respiratory difficulties had the lowest rate of employment. When patients were in work they earned 30 per cent less than healthy control subjects, an indication of lower educational attainment and an effect of the health impact of their disorder.

Every violent snorer costs society €705; the figure for sleep apnoea is €3860, while obesity-related respiratory difficulties cost €11 320. These socio-economic consequences are present up to eight years before patients are finally diagnosed with sleep apnoea and obesity-related respiratory difficulties. The figures cover direct costs such as more frequent visits to the doctor, hospital admissions or medicine use, and indirect costs by way of lost labour, lower earnings and greater unemployment. The researchers also noted that the patients were more likely to be on welfare than healthy subjects, and more likely to be on prescription medicines subsidised by the state.

In addition to these costs there are also the actual costs of welfare payments. Patients who suffer from snoring, sleep apnoea or obesity-related respiratory difficulties received an average of €147, €879 and €3263 in extra welfare payments.

“Our study is the first to look at the actual socio-economic cost of the three disorders,” Professor Jennum continues. In the last couple of years he has conducted several studies into the socio-economic costs of sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, where researchers found higher medicine consumption, more hospital admissions, and 30 per cent greater unemployment when the disease was undiagnosed and untreated. So there is plenty of potential for ensuring earlier intervention, diagnosis and therapy.

“In the last few years we have become better at diagnosing and treating sleep apnoea and obesity-related respiratory difficulties. This may help our patients, because we know that there are lots and lots of people out there who are terribly tired in the daytime without being diagnosed and without knowing why. If you sleep badly at night for long periods at a time this may be due to various sleeping disorders, most of which we can treat nowadays. So it is important for people with sleep disorders to get in touch with the health service; otherwise their health, education, ability to work, and thereby their finances may be affected.”

The study was published on 2 January in Thorax: An international Journal Of Respiratory Medicine. http://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2011/01/02/thx.2010.143958.short?rss=1
Source: University of Copenhagen

The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) has announced that the University of Warwick is to become an accredited Doctoral Training Centre. Warwick is one of only 21 such centres across the UK and has been granted the third highest allocation of studentships.

Funding for 27 studentships each year, for the next five years, means that Warwick will be able to examine the potential for opening up advanced training to address gaps in local and national provision.  This will serve to enhance the University’s international reputation for social science research at the highest level in areas such as economics; new technology, innovation and skills; and human behaviour, health and well-being.

The University will also be looking at ways of developing collaboration with government, business and industry to ensure that the research has direct relevance to current social and economic issues with an aim to inform and shape future policy or industry recommendations.

With the first studentships due to start in October this year, the University is delighted with its newest accreditation.

Professor Jacqueline Labbe, Chair of the Board of Graduate Studies, noted: “This is an excellent opportunity to showcase our capacity and expertise for internationally-recognised research and training in the social sciences and we are very grateful to the ESRC for awarding us one of the highest studentship allocations.”